CryptoKeySafe CK bracket markCRYPTOKEYSAFE
Module 2

Hardware Wallets, Model by Model

Every hardware wallet on the market, with specific models, real specs, security certification levels, and honest trade-offs. No sponsored rankings. Use the comparison tool at the bottom to filter by what matters to your threat model.

Video Narration: Q3 2026

Video narration arrives Q3 2026. Full written lesson available below.

How to Read Hardware Wallet Specs

Before going model by model, three specs matter more than any others: the security chip certification, whether the device is air-gapped, and whether the firmware is open source. Everything else is preference.

Security chip certification (EAL level)

Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Levels range from EAL1 (functionally tested) to EAL7 (formally verified). Consumer hardware wallets typically sit at EAL5+ or EAL6+. NGRAVE ZERO is the sole EAL7 device. Higher is better, but EAL5+ is sufficient for most individual holders.

Air-gapped vs connected

Air-gapped means the device never connects to any internet-connected system via wire or wireless. Transactions move via QR codes or microSD cards only. Connected devices use USB, Bluetooth, or NFC. Air-gapped eliminates the wireless/wired attack surface but adds friction to every signing operation.

Open source vs proprietary firmware

Open source firmware can be independently audited. Anyone can read the code and verify it does what it claims. Proprietary firmware requires trusting the manufacturer. Trezor and Keystone are open source. Ledger, ELLIPAL, and others are proprietary. This is a genuine security distinction, not just a philosophical one.

Ledger

Proprietary BOLOS OS. Connected via USB/Bluetooth. CC EAL5+ (Nano X) or EAL6+ (Nano S Plus, Flex, Stax) depending on model.

Nano S Plus

$59
Chip: ST33K1M5 (CC EAL6+)
Screen: Monochrome OLED
Connectivity: USB-C only
Storage: 1.5 MB for ~100 apps

Entry-level. No Bluetooth, no touchscreen. Solid for users who want a simple device for storing Bitcoin or a small number of assets. The storage limit means you can't install all apps simultaneously - you swap them as needed (assets remain safe regardless).

Nano Gen5

$179
Chip: CC EAL5+
Screen: Touchscreen
Connectivity: Bluetooth, USB-C
Storage: 50+ third-party integrations

Mid-range with a touchscreen and Bluetooth. Bluetooth signing via Ledger Live mobile is convenient, but it introduces a wireless channel that the Nano S Plus avoids.

Flex

$249
Chip: ST33K1M5 (CC EAL6+)
Screen: 2.84" E Ink touchscreen
Connectivity: Bluetooth 5.2, USB-C
Storage: 50+ integrations

Designed for regular dApp interaction. E Ink screen is more readable in daylight and persists without power, which has practical advantages for checking addresses.

Stax

$399
Chip: ST33K1M5 (CC EAL6+, same chip as Flex)
Screen: Curved E Ink touchscreen, NFC
Connectivity: Bluetooth 5.3, USB-C, NFC, wireless charging
Storage: 50+ integrations

Premium form factor. Same security chip as the Flex. You're paying for the curved display and wireless charging, not a higher security level. NFC adds another connection surface to consider.

The BOLOS OS is proprietary and closed source. In 2023, Ledger announced Ledger Recover, an optional feature that could send encrypted seed phrase shards to third-party custodians for cloud backup. The feature is opt-in, but its existence demonstrated that the firmware architecture permits the seed to leave the device. This is the central unresolved trust issue with Ledger.

Trezor

Fully open source, chip to firmware. USB-C. No Bluetooth.

Safe 3

$79
Chip: Optiga Trust M (CC EAL6+)
Screen: Small OLED
Connectivity: USB-C only

Entry-level open-source hardware wallet. The Optiga Trust M (Infineon) provides EAL6+ security. Supports passphrase (25th word) for hidden wallets. Fully open source from firmware to the Suite desktop app.

Safe 5

Check trezor.io
Chip: TROPIC01 (Trezor's in-house chip, open source)
Screen: Color touchscreen
Connectivity: USB-C only

Mid-range. The TROPIC01 chip is Trezor's own design, open-sourced. This means the security can be verified from hardware level upward - no proprietary chip black boxes.

Safe 7

$249
Chip: TROPIC01 with post-quantum cryptography
Screen: Color touchscreen
Connectivity: USB-C, wireless charging

IP67 water and dust resistance. Post-quantum cryptography ready, meaning it already supports CRYSTALS-Dilithium signatures if/when the Ethereum or Bitcoin networks upgrade. The TROPIC01 chip is the same open-source design as Safe 5.

Tangem

Seedless design. NFC only. Samsung S3D350A (EAL6+).

Card 2-pack

$50.90 (~$25/card)

Each card contains a Samsung S3D350A secure element (EAL6+). During setup, the card generates a key pair inside the chip. The key never leaves the chip in any form - there is no seed phrase. You authorize transactions by tapping the card to your NFC-enabled phone. The second card is your backup: tap it during setup to create a second card that shares the same keys.

Card 3-pack

$64.90 (~$21.64/card)

Same chip, same design, three cards. The third card gives you an additional backup and the option to distribute cards geographically. Common setup: one card in your wallet, one at home, one in a safety deposit box.

Ring + 2 backup cards

~$150

The Ring contains the same Samsung EAL6+ chip embedded in a ceramic/titanium wearable. Tap your phone to your ring finger to sign transactions. The two included backup cards share the same keys. Practical for daily spending on small amounts; store large holdings in cold cards separately.

Tangem's threat model is the inverse of traditional hardware wallets. Traditional wallets protect a seed phrase that could be extracted if someone gets access to the device long enough. Tangem has no seed phrase to extract. The attack on a Tangem setup is physical: destroy all cards simultaneously. With a 3-card setup stored in three different locations, this is extremely unlikely. Use code NBH98E at tangem.com for 10% off.

ELLIPAL

Fully air-gapped. QR code only. Anti-tamper self-destruct.

Titan 2.0

$169
Chip: CC EAL5+ | Screen: 4" touchscreen

The Titan 2.0 is the flagship. Its defining feature is the anti-tamper mechanism: if the case is opened or physically attacked, the device erases its keys. Combined with the zero-wireless-connection design, this is designed for adversarial physical environments. 10,000+ supported tokens. The USB port charges the device but carries no data.

Titan Mini

~$79
Chip: CC EAL5+ | Screen: 2.4" touchscreen

Same air-gap principle, smaller form factor. For users who want the security of full air-gap at lower cost and in a pocketable size.

X Card

Check ELLIPAL site
Chip: CC EAL6+ | Screen: Card form factor

Higher cert level than the Titan lineup. Card-sized with the same QR-only communication. The EAL6+ chip is a notable upgrade for institutional or high-value use cases.

Keystone 3 Pro

Air-gapped. Open source firmware. 3 separate security chips.

Keystone 3 Pro

~$149

The open-source answer to ELLIPAL. Keystone 3 Pro uses three separate security chips rather than one, creating redundancy in the security architecture. The firmware is fully open source and has received third-party audits. Transactions sign via QR code only. Firmware updates come via microSD card, which you can verify against checksums before applying.

Multiple seed phrase support means you can manage completely separate wallets on one device without them ever interacting. SLIP-39 Shamir backup support is built in. For technically sophisticated users who want the air-gap security of ELLIPAL but want to be able to verify the firmware, Keystone is the better choice.

SafePal, NGRAVE, CoolWallet, D'CENT, imKey

SafePal S1 / S1 Pro

$49.99 / $89.99

Air-gapped via QR code. CC EAL5+. 30,000+ tokens. The S1 is the most affordable air-gapped hardware wallet on the market. Binance backed, which is either reassuring (institutional backing) or concerning (centralization) depending on your perspective. The X1 model adds Bluetooth, breaking the air-gap principle.

NGRAVE ZERO

~$398

CC EAL7 - the only consumer device at this certification level. Air-gapped, fingerprint authentication, 4" touchscreen. The GRAPHENE metal plate for seed storage is sold as a companion product. For users with high-value holdings who want the highest available certification and are willing to pay for it.

CoolWallet S / Pro

$99+

Credit card form factor that fits in a standard wallet. CC EAL5+. Bluetooth connectivity. The convenience of card form factor comes with the trade-off of Bluetooth as the communication channel. No air-gap. Well suited for daily spending wallets with small balances.

D'CENT Biometric

$109

The only hardware wallet with a built-in fingerprint sensor. CC EAL5+. Bluetooth and USB. The fingerprint template stays inside the secure element and never transmits. Solid for users who want biometric authorization and are comfortable with Bluetooth connectivity.

imKey Pro

~$59

Bluetooth and USB. CC EAL5+. Primarily adopted in Asian markets. Mobile-first design. Strong for users already in the Asian crypto ecosystem. Limited DeFi integration compared to Ledger or Trezor.

KeepKey

Status: verify current availability

KeepKey was originally developed independently, then acquired by ShapeShift. When ShapeShift went fully decentralized in 2021 and eliminated its corporate structure, KeepKey's development support became unclear. As of 2026, verify current firmware update status and community support before purchasing. A hardware wallet with uncertain maintenance is a security liability regardless of the hardware quality.

SecuX V20 / W20

Check SecuX site

Bluetooth and USB. CC EAL5+. Touchscreen. Cross-platform support. No affiliate program available. Reasonable mid-tier option for users wanting Bluetooth convenience without the Ledger price premium.

Compare and Filter

Use the tool below to filter wallets by your criteria and compare up to three side by side. Select wallets with the Compare button, then click Show Comparison.

Filter Wallets

Air-gap
Open source
Price
Cert level
Form factor

10 wallets match

Ledger

Nano S Plus, Nano Gen5, Flex, Stax$59-$399

Cert

CC EAL6+ (S Plus, Flex, Stax); EAL5+ (Nano X)

Connectivity

USB-C, Bluetooth (Gen5/Flex/Stax)

Security chip

ST33K1M5 EAL6+ (S Plus, Flex, Stax); ST33J2M0 EAL5+ (Nano X)

Assets

5,500+

Strengths

  • Widest app ecosystem (100+ apps on Nano S Plus)
  • Ledger Live has built-in staking and NFT management
  • Largest hardware wallet user base (battle-tested at scale)

Trade-offs

  • BOLOS OS is proprietary and closed source
  • 2023 firmware update controversy introduced optional seed recovery feature
  • No air-gap; relies on USB or Bluetooth connection
Buy

Trezor

Safe 3, Safe 5, Safe 7$79-$249Open source

Cert

CC EAL6+ (Safe 3: Optiga Trust M; Safe 7: TROPIC01)

Connectivity

USB-C (Safe 3/5); USB-C + wireless charging (Safe 7)

Security chip

Optiga Trust M (Safe 3); TROPIC01 (Safe 5/7)

Assets

8,000+

Strengths

  • Fully open source from chip (TROPIC01) to firmware
  • Passphrase (25th word) enables hidden wallets
  • Safe 7 supports post-quantum cryptography and IP67

Trade-offs

  • No built-in Bluetooth for mobile signing
  • Safe 7 wireless charging is convenient but adds a connection surface
  • Smaller app ecosystem than Ledger
Buy

Tangem

Card 2-pack, Card 3-pack, Ring$50-$150Air-gapped

Cert

CC EAL6+

Connectivity

NFC only

Security chip

Samsung S3D350A (EAL6+)

Assets

6,000+

Strengths

  • No seed phrase: keys never leave the card's secure element
  • No battery, no screen, no cable - near-zero maintenance
  • Ring form factor for wearable signing

Trade-offs

  • If all cards/rings are lost with no backup, recovery is impossible
  • No screen for address verification on the device itself
  • NFC can be jammed or intercepted in theory (though no documented attacks)
Buy

ELLIPAL

Titan 2.0, Titan Mini, X Card$79-$169Air-gapped

Cert

CC EAL5+ (Titan 2.0); EAL6+ (X Card)

Connectivity

QR code only (no USB data, no Bluetooth, no WiFi, no NFC)

Security chip

EAL5+ secure element (Titan 2.0)

Assets

10,000+

Strengths

  • Strictest air-gap: zero wired or wireless connections
  • Anti-tamper self-destruct if case is opened
  • 4" touchscreen on Titan 2.0; no-computer setup possible

Trade-offs

  • QR-only workflow is slower for frequent signers
  • Firmware is not open source
  • Larger form factor compared to card-based options
Buy

Keystone

Keystone 3 Pro~$149Air-gappedOpen source

Cert

CC EAL5+ (individual chips)

Connectivity

QR code, microSD for firmware updates

Security chip

3 separate security chips

Assets

5,500+

Strengths

  • Fully open source firmware - independently auditable
  • 3-chip architecture: dedicated secure elements for each function
  • Supports multiple seed phrases and SLIP-39 Shamir backups

Trade-offs

  • Smaller brand recognition than Ledger or Trezor
  • QR-only workflow adds friction for high-frequency traders
  • microSD firmware update path requires careful chain of custody
Buy

SafePal

S1, S1 Pro, X1$49-$90

Cert

CC EAL5+

Connectivity

QR code (S1/S1 Pro); Bluetooth 5.0 (X1)

Security chip

EAL5+ secure element

Assets

30,000+

Strengths

  • Broadest token support at 30,000+
  • S1 and S1 Pro are air-gapped via QR code
  • Best value air-gapped option at $49

Trade-offs

  • X1 Bluetooth connectivity breaks the air-gap model
  • Binance association (centralization concern for some users)
  • 1.3" screen on S1 is small for address verification
Buy

NGRAVE ZERO

ZERO, GRAPHENE~$398Air-gapped

Cert

CC EAL7 (highest consumer certification worldwide)

Connectivity

QR code only

Security chip

EAL7 certified secure element

Assets

3,000+

Strengths

  • EAL7: the only consumer device with military/government-grade certification
  • Fingerprint authentication built in
  • GRAPHENE metal plate for seed phrase storage sold as a paired product

Trade-offs

  • Premium price (~$398); highest cost air-gapped option
  • Smaller asset support list than competitors
  • Firmware is not open source
Buy

CoolWallet

CoolWallet S, CoolWallet Pro$99+

Cert

CC EAL5+

Connectivity

Bluetooth

Security chip

EAL5+ secure element

Assets

10,000+

Strengths

  • Credit card form factor - fits in a standard wallet slot
  • Bluetooth signing for mobile-first users
  • Pro version adds DeFi features

Trade-offs

  • Bluetooth is an active attack surface that QR/NFC air-gapped alternatives avoid
  • No affiliate program available (no purchase link)
  • Small screen limits address verification

D'CENT

Biometric Wallet$109

Cert

CC EAL5+

Connectivity

Bluetooth, USB

Security chip

EAL5+ secure element

Assets

2,000+ (60+ blockchains)

Strengths

  • Only hardware wallet with built-in fingerprint sensor
  • Biometric authentication replaces PIN for daily use
  • OLED display with clear transaction details

Trade-offs

  • Bluetooth connectivity; not air-gapped
  • Narrower asset support than ELLIPAL or SafePal
  • Smaller ecosystem and community than Ledger/Trezor
Buy

imKey

imKey Pro~$59

Cert

CC EAL5+

Connectivity

Bluetooth, USB

Security chip

EAL5+ secure element

Assets

1,000+ (major chains)

Strengths

  • Mobile-first design with Bluetooth pairing
  • Strong adoption in Asian markets
  • Compact form factor

Trade-offs

  • Bluetooth connectivity; not air-gapped
  • Smaller Western community and support resources
  • Limited DeFi integration
Buy

Knowledge Check

Module 2 - 7 questions

1

NGRAVE ZERO holds what security certification, and why does that level matter?

2

What is the name of Ledger's proprietary operating system, and why is it relevant to trust?

3

The Tangem Card uses a 'seedless' design. What does this mean for recovery if you lose all your cards?

4

ELLIPAL Titan 2.0 communicates transactions how?

5

The Trezor Safe 7 introduced TROPIC01, its in-house security chip. Why does Trezor making its own chip matter?

6

Which hardware wallet is the only one on the market with a built-in biometric fingerprint sensor?

7

SLIP-39 is a standard for splitting a seed phrase into multiple shares. Which hardware wallet supports this natively?